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Caminar is a Spanish verb which translates into English as “to walk, go, travel”.
Below are all of the conjugations for caminar in Spanish, in all three moods (indicative/indicativo, subjunctive/subjunctivo and imperative/imperativo) and all of the tenses, for each pronoun.
The vosotros pronoun is mainly used in mainland Spain, and is the informal second-person plural – it could be considered the Spanish version of “y’all”. It is rarely found in Latin America, where ustedes is used instead.
The vos form is used instead of tú in some Spanish speaking countries of South America, especially the Southern Cone (e.g. Argentina and Uruguay) and has a different conjugation.
| English Infinitive | to walk, go, travel |
|---|---|
| Spanish Infinitive | caminar |
The gerund (gerundio) is used with the continuous tenses, e.g. present continuous (está caminando) and past continuous (estaba caminando). The easiest way to think of it is the equivalent of english’s -ing form (e.g. walking).
The past participle (participio) is used with perfect tense ‘haber’ verbs, e.g. he caminado and hubiera caminado. These are the equivalent of English’s ‘have’ (e.g. have walked).
| Gerundio / Gerund | caminando |
|---|---|
| Participio / Past Participle | caminado |
The basic form of speech, el indicativo is used for making statements, talking about facts, events and things that are certain and objective.
The present tense is as it sounds – it’s for talking about things that are currently going on, which are habitual, or which generally exist. In English, this would be “I walk” or “they walk”.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | camino |
| Tú | caminas |
| Él / Ella / Usted | camina |
| Nosotros / as | caminamos |
| Vosotros / as | camináis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminan |
| Vos | caminás |
Your simple past tense, e.g. “I walked” or “she walked” in English.
In Spanish, there are two past tenses where just one is used in English; the pretérite infefinido is typically used to refer to a concrete, specific moment in time.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | caminé | I walked |
| Tú | caminaste | You walked |
| Él / Ella / Usted | caminó | He / she / you walked |
| Nosotros / as | caminamos | We walked |
| Vosotros / as | caminasteis | You walked |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminaron | They / you walked |
| Vos | caminaste | You walked |
The pretérito imperfecto roughly translates as “I was walking” or “she was walking” in English, and is typically used to describe things and set a scene, talk about events without a specific timeframe, or talk about habitual events or states in the past.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | caminaba | I was walking |
| Tú | caminabas | You were walking |
| Él / Ella / Usted | caminaba | He was / she was / you were walking |
| Nosotros / as | caminábamos | We were walking |
| Vosotros / as | caminabais | You were walking |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminaban | They / you were walking |
| Vos | caminabas | You were walking |
The perfect tense is for talking about things which happened in the past but are still related to the present or continue into the present.
In English, these use the auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘has’ – i.e. “I have walked” and “she has walked”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | he caminado | I have walked |
| Tú | has caminado | You have walked |
| Él / Ella / Usted | ha caminado | He has / she has / you have walked |
| Nosotros / as | hemos caminado | We have walked |
| Vosotros / as | habéis caminado | You have walked |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | han caminado | They / you have walked |
| Vos | has caminado | You have walked |
The conditional is used in place of the English modal verb “would”, i.e. “I would walk” or “she would walk”. It can be used to talk about hypothetical situations.
| Pronoun | Spanish | Englush |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | caminaría | I would walk |
| Tú | caminarías | You would walk |
| Él / Ella / Usted | caminaría | He / she / you would walk |
| Nosotros / as | caminaríamos | We would walk |
| Vosotros / as | caminaríais | You would walk |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminarían | They / you would walk |
| Vos | caminarías | You would walk |
The future tense, simply put, replaces the English modal verb “will” – i.e. “I will walk” or “they will walk”.
It is more commonly used for making a hypothesis about the present. To talk about the future, Spanish speakers frequently use “ir + a + infinivo”, e.g. “van a caminar” means “They are going to walk”.
| Pronoun | Spanish | English |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | caminaré | I will walk |
| Tú | caminarás | You will walk |
| Él / Ella / Usted | caminará | He / she / you will walk |
| Nosotros / as | caminaremos | We will walk |
| Vosotros / as | caminaréis | You will walk |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminarán | They / you will walk |
| Vos | caminarás | You will walk |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | camine |
| Tú | camines |
| Él / Ella / Usted | camine |
| Nosotros / as | caminemos |
| Vosotros / as | caminéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminen |
| Vos | camines |
There are two ways to form the imperfect subjunctive.
The first option sees verbs ending in -era (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ara (for -ar verbs), while the second sees verbs ending in -ese (for -er and -ir verbs) and -ase (for -ar verbs).
There is no difference between these two forms, and Spanish speakers use them interchangeably.
| Pronoun | Spanish era/ara | Spanish ese/ase |
|---|---|---|
| Yo | caminara | caminase |
| Tú | caminaras | caminase |
| Él / Ella / Usted | caminara | caminase |
| Nosotros / as | camináramos | caminásemos |
| Vosotros / as | caminarais | caminaseis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminaran | caminasen |
| Vos | caminaras | caminase |
The future subjunctive is no longer used in modern-day Spanish, apart from in literary and legal contexts, and there is no need to learn it.
It is formed the same as the past/imperfect subjunctive, but with -e endings instead of -a endings.
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | caminare |
| Tú | caminares |
| Él / Ella / Usted | caminare |
| Nosotros / as | camináremos |
| Vosotros / as | caminareis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminaren |
| Vos | caminares |
Used for forming positive and negative commands, e.g. “walk!” and “don’t walk!”.
| Pronoun | Spanish Affirmative | Spanish Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Tú | camina | no camines |
| Él / Ella / Usted | camine | no camine |
| Nosotros / as | caminemos | no caminemos |
| Vosotros / as | caminad | no caminéis |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | caminen | no caminen |
| Vos | caminá | no camines |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | haya caminado |
| Tú | hayas caminado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | haya caminado |
| Nosotros / as | hayamos caminado |
| Vosotros / as | hayáis caminado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hayan caminado |
| Vos | hayas caminado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiera caminado / hubiese caminado |
| Tú | hubieras caminado / hubieses caminado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiera caminado / hubiese caminado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéramos caminado / hubiésemos caminado |
| Vosotros / as | hubierais caminado / hubieseis caminado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieran caminado / hubiesen caminado |
| Vos | hubieras caminado / hubieses caminado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | hubiere caminado |
| Tú | hubieres caminado |
| Él / Ella / Usted | hubiere caminado |
| Nosotros / as | hubiéremos caminado |
| Vosotros / as | hubiereis caminado |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | hubieren caminado |
| Vos | hubieres caminado |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | esté caminando |
| Tú | estés caminando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | esté caminando |
| Nosotros / as | estemos caminando |
| Vosotros / as | estéis caminando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estén caminando |
| Vos | estés caminando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviera caminando / estuviese caminando |
| Tú | estuvieras caminando / estuvieses caminando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviera caminando / estuviese caminando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéramos caminando / estuviésamos caminando |
| Vosotros / as | estuvierais caminando / estuvieseis caminando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviera caminando / estuviese caminando |
| Vos | estuvieras caminando / estuvieses caminando |
| Pronoun | Spanish |
|---|---|
| Yo | estuviere caminando |
| Tú | estuvieres caminando |
| Él / Ella / Usted | estuviere caminando |
| Nosotros / as | estuviéremos caminando |
| Vosotros / as | estuviereis caminando |
| Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes | estuviere caminando |
| Vos | estuvieres caminando |
Voseo is the practice of using ‘vos’ instead of ‘tú’ as the second-person singular pronoun, and is common throughout much of South America.
There are various versions of ‘voseo’ used throughout the Spanish-speaking world. The conjugations for the most common type – used throughout Argentina, parts of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguya and Uruguay are below.
The present indicative (presente de indicativo) and affirmative imperative (imperativo) have different conjugations from the tú form, while all other tenses generally use the tú form.
| Tense | Vos Conjugation |
|---|---|
| Present Indicative Presente de Indicativo | Vos caminás |
| Simle Past / Preterite Preterite de Indicativo | Vos caminaste |
| Imperfect Past Preterite Imperfecto de Indicativo | Vos caminabas |
| Conditional Condicional | Vos caminarías |
| Future Futuro de Indicativo | Vos caminarás |
| Present Subjunctive Presente de Subjunctivo | Vos camines |
| Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfecto de Subjunctivo | Vos caminaras / Vos caminase |
| Affirmative Imperative Imperativo | Vos caminá |
| Negative Imperative Imperativo Negativo | Vos no camines |